Rabu, 11 Agustus 2010

Toxoplasmosis

TOXOPLASMOSIS

Toxoplasmosis merupakan penyakit zoonosis yaitu penyakit pada hewan yang dapat ditularkan ke manusia. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh sporozoa yang dikenal dengan nama Toxoplasma gondii, yaitu suatu parasit intraselluler yang banyak terinfeksi pada manusia dan hewan peliharaan. Penderita toxoplasmosis sering tidak memperlihatkan suatu gejala klinis yang jelas sehingga dalam menentukan diagnosis penyakit toxoplasmosis sering terabaikan dalam praktek dokter sehari-hari. Apabila penyakit toxoplasmosis mengenai wanita hamil trismester ketiga dapat mengakibatkan hidrochephalus, khorioretinitis, tuli atau epilepsi.

Penyakit toxoplasmosis biasanya ditularkan dari kucing atau anjing tetapi penyakit ini juga dapat menyerang hewan lain seperti babi, sapi, domba, dan hewan peliharaan lainnya. Walaupun sering terjadi pada hewan-hewan yang disebutkan di atas penyakit toxoplasmosis ini paling sering dijumpai pada kucing dan anjing. Untuk tertular penyakit toxoplasmosis tidak hanya terjadi pada orang yang memelihara kucing atau anjing tetapi juga bisa terjadi pada orang lainnya yang suka memakan makanan dari daging setengah matang atau sayuran lalapan yang terkontaminasi dengan agent penyebab penyakit toxoplasmosis.

Dewasa ini setelah siklus hidup toxoplasma ditemukan maka usaha pencegahannya diharapkan lebih mudah dilakukan. Pada saat ini diagnosis toxoplasmosis menjadi lebih mudah ditemukan karena adanya antibodi IgM atau IgG dalam darah penderita. Diharapkan dengan cara diagnosis maka pengobatan penyakit ini menjadi lebih mudah dan lebih sempurna, sehingga pengobatan yang diberikan dapat sembuh sempurna bagi penderita toxoplasmosis. Dengan jalan tersebut diharapkan insidensi keguguran, cacat kongenital, dan lahir mati yang disebabkan oleh penyakit ini dapat dicegah sedini mungkin. Pada akhirnya kejadian kecacatan pada anak dapat dihindari dan menciptakan sumber daya manusia yang lebih berkualitas.

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FISIOLOGI PENDENGARAN

Gelombang bunyi dari sumber bunyi ditangkap oleh aurikula dan diteruskan melalui canalis akustikus eksternus dan mengalami proses resonansi karena adanya bangunan berbentuk tabung dengan hubungan kepada udara luar secara langsung. Gelombang suara yang telah mengalami proses resonansi ini akan menggetarkan membarana timpani.

Membarana Timpani (ear drum) dan tulang-tulang pendengaran pada telinga bagian tengah akan meneruskan gelombang suara menuju cochlea atau telinga dalam. Membrana timpani berbentuk conus (corong) secara tiga dimensi dengan bagian tengah yang meruncing adalah perlekatan membarn timpani dengan malleus. Sementara itu malleus juga berartikulasi dengan tulang-tulang pendengaran yang lain yaitu incus dan stapes.


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